Cause of the Civil War:
Economic and social differences between the North and South was one cause of the Civil War.
In the south the temperate climate made the growth of tobacco a suitable and very profitable business.
Cultivation of this crop required a lot of land, so settlers lived far apart. Northern Colonies were much
more dependent on small
causes of the nations seperation.
States versus Federal rights was another cause of the Civil War. The Civil War started because
of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national
government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. When Abraham Lincoln
won election in 1860 as the first Republican president on a platform pledging to keep slavery out of the
territories, seven slave states in the deep South seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America.
The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents was a cause of the Civil War. During the
Civil. Slavery was a political, economic, social and moral issue which strongly divided the citizens of
the nation. Because of differences in history and economies, slavery was also a sectional issue between
the North and South. The South was a strong believer in Slavery while the North was against Slavery.
Growth of the Abolition Movement was a cause of the Civil War. Northerners became more against slavery.
Sympathies began to grow for abolitionists and against slavery and slaveholders. This occurred especially
after some major events including: the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the
Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid, and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals
responsible for harboring fugitive slaves even if they were located in non-slave states.
The Election of 1860 was also a cause of the Civil War. When Lincoln was elected in 1860, South
Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession." They believed that Lincoln was anti-slavery
and in favor of Northern interests. Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded from
the union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
John Brown's Raid:
Sunday October 16, 1859 John Brown led a group of 21 men from Maryland to Virginia. Their objective
was to capture of the cache of weapons stored at the U.S. Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown's ultimate goal
was to destroy the slave system of the South. Brown's raid attained initial success. Slashing the telegraph
wires to cut off the town from the outside world, the raiders captured the local armory, arsenal and rifle
manufacturing plant. They then rounded up 60 townspeople as hostages. John Brown led his men, along with
nine hostages, to the small fire engine house adjacent to the armory. Federal forces arrived on Monday
and successfully stormed the stronghold the following day, seriously wounding Brown. He was tried
and convicted of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. Just before his hanging on
December 2, 1859, Brown said a forewarning of the coming Civil War: "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that
the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." John Brown's raid and trial add to
the dispute between the country's abolitionist and pro-slavery beliefs, hardening the lines that separated
the North and the South.
Shiloh
April 6 – 7, 1862
leaders
Union- Major General Ulysses S. Grant and Major General Don Carlos Buell
Confederate-General Albert Sidney Johnston and General P.G.T. Beauregard.
Number of Troops
Union-39,830
Confedrate-44,000
Casualties
Union-23,746
First Battle of Bull Run
date- July 16, 1861
Leaders
Union- Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell
Confederate- Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard
Number of Troops:
Union- 35,000
Confederate- 20,000
Casualties:
Union- 3,000
Confederate- 1,750
Seven Days Battle:
June 25 to July 1, 1862
Leaders:
Union- Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan
Confederate- Gen. Robert E. Lee
Number of Troops:
Union- 103,000
Confederate- 92,000
Casualties:
Union-15,500
Confederate- 20,000
Antietam Creek
September 17, 1862
Leaders:
Union- George McClellan
Confederate- Robert E. Lee
Number of Troops:
Union- 75,500
Confederate- 38,000
Casualties:
Union- 12,401
Confederate- 10,316
Gettysburg
July 1–3, 1863
Leaders:
Union- Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade
Confederate- Robert E. Lee
Number of Troops:
Casualties:
Union- 23,055
Confederate- 23,231
Leaders of the Civil War
U.S. Grant
In February 1862, U.S. Grant took Fort Donelson in Tennessee. This was the first Union victory of
strategic importance. When the Confederate commander asked for terms, Grant replied, "No terms
except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted." The Confederates surrendered,
and Grant was promoted to major general of volunteers in 1863. Grant captured Vicksburg, the key
city on the Mississippi River, which cut the Confederacy in two. Grant then broke the Confederate
hold on Chattanooga, Tennessee. Lincoln appointed Grant General-in-Chief of the Union Army in
March 1864.
General Grant defeated General Lee at Petersburg. Finally, on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at
Appomattox Court House. Grant wrote generous terms of surrender that helped to begin the process
of uniting the nation again. After the Civil War, Grant served as the Secretary of War from August 12, 1867
to January 14, 1868.
1) Some called for Grant to be replaced.
2) President Lincoln fended off demands that Grant be removed by saying, "I can't spare this man — he fights."
3) U.S. Grant was the 13th president of the United States.
4) As president he led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate all vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery.
5) Upset over uncontrolled violence in the South, President Grant effectively destroyed the Ku Klux Klan in 1871.
William Sherman
William Tecumseh Sherman was not a career military commander before the war. His early military career
proved to be anything but spectacular. As a result, he resigned his commission in 1853. He took work in
the fields of banking and law briefly before becoming the superintendent of the Louisiana Military Academy
in 1859. At the outbreak of the Civil War, however, Sherman resigned from the academy and headed north,
where he was made a colonel of the 13th United States Infantry. Sherman first saw combat at the Battle of
First Manassas, where he commanded a brigade of Tyler’s Division. Although the Union army was defeated
during the battle, President Abraham Lincon was impressed by Sherman’s performance and he was promoted
to brigadier general on August 7, 1861, ranking seventh among other officers at that grade.
Sherman turned his attentions northward and began marching through the Carolinas, chasing the Confederates
under the command of Joseph E. Johnston. He continued his campaign of destruction, in particular targeting South
Carolina for their role in seceding from the Union first. He captured Columbia, South Carolina, on February 17, 1865,
setting many fires which would consume large portions of the city. After the war, Sherman remained in the military
and eventually rose to the rank of full general, serving as general-in-chief of the army from 1869 to 1883. Praised
for his revolutionary ideas William T. Sherman died in 1891.
1) He went on to defeat the forces of Johnston in North Carolina and accepted the surrender of Johnston and all troops in Georgia, Florida, and the Carolinas on April 26, 1865, becoming the largest surrender of Confederate troops during the war.
2) His Nick Name was Uncle Billy.
3) He is famous for his quote "war is hell".
4) Sherman believed that war should be taken on all of society
5) As hated as a military man as he was, especially by the South, he was loved by his men that served under him.
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) was a Mexican War hero, U.S. senator from Mississippi, U.S. secretary of
war and president of the Confederate States of America for the duration of the American Civil War (1861-1865).
Prior to the start of the war, Davis had argued against secession, but when Mississippi seceded he resigned
from the U.S. Senate. In February 1861 he was elected president of the Confederacy.
Davis faced difficulties throughout the war as he struggled to manage the Southern war effort, maintain
control the Confederate economy and keep a new nation united. Davis' often contentious personality led to
conflicts with other politicians as well as his own military officers. In May 1865, several weeks after the Confederate
surrender, Davis was captured, imprisoned and charged with treason, but never tried.
1) Jefferson Davis became a staunch states' rights Democrat.
2) Davis worked very hard at his presidential duties, concentrating on military strategy but neglecting domestic politics.
3) Davis was a poor judge of people.
4) In prison his physical and emotional health deteriorated, and he was never the same after he was released in May 1867.
5) He lived off the charity of friends and relatives until his death in New Orleans in 1889.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in the United States Army
for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the
Mexican- American War, served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and married
Mary Custis. When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state,
despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincon had
offered Lee command of a Union Army.
He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against larger Union
armies. His abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians. His strategic vision was more
doubtful, and both of his invasions of the North ended in defeat. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's campaigns bore
down on Lee in 1864 and 1865, and despite inflicting heavy casualties, Lee was unable to force back Grant. Lee
would ultimately surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. By this time, Lee had been
promoted to the commanding officer of all Confederate forces. After the war, as President of what is now
Washington and Lee University, Lee supported President Andrew Johnson's program of Reconstruction and
intersectional friendship, while opposing the Radical Republican proposals to give freed slaves the vote and
take the vote away from ex-Confederates. But his popularity grew even in the North, especially after his death
in 1870. He remains an iconic figure of American military leadership
1) Born in Stratford, Westmoreland County, Virginia 1807
2) Died in Lexington, Virginia, 12 Oct., 1870
3) In early 1861, President Abraham Lincoln invited Lee to take command of the entire Union Army but he didn't because since he was born in Virgina he was on that side of the war.
4) After the war Lee became a college President
5) He is buried in West Point
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